Honestly, that's pretty much the extend of my HVAC knowledge. I just know that I have to clean my flame sensor once at minimum, sometimes twice a year. If it's dirty it can't detect that there is a flame so the furnace will cycle 5 or 6 times then lock itself out for an hour for safety purposes.
If your system is that new I would bet good money it's filter, flame sensor, or outdoor vent covered like others suggested.
FWIW, the first winter I wonder a house I had to call an HVAC tech out because of what I described above during a cold snap. Literally all he did was clean the flame sensor, check the filter, and rinse out the condensate drain tube for a "standard" service. He told me if I want to save money next time to youtube it and I haven't had to call for service since.