Secretary of War Stimson and General Marshall told Truman that an invasion of Japan would cost at least 250,000 American lives and twice as many Japanese. Others said it could be up to a million.Tour Okinawa and you'll know why it was necessary to drop the atomic bomb. Millions of lives were likely saved with those two bombs, most of them Japanese civilian. Japanese culture did not allow for surrender. It's actually somewhat amazing the emperor made that decision even in the wake of such attack. Without the atomic bomb, it seems unlikely the military establishment would have accepted defeat before death.
Japanese leadership before the bomb wanted to fight the Americans on their home soil. They were fanatics. The war was lost. They knew it. This made the Truman decision obvious, albeit not simple nor less onerous.
Truman held off on delivering a third bomb even though the Japanese did not immediately surrender after the second. A third was ready.
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